Dear Stargazer Friends,
Here in the Northern Hemisphere, June is marked by summer solstice, the start of astronomical summer and the longest day of the year. This year, it will be on 21 June at 1458 UTC. For those who live in the Southern Hemisphere, it is winter solstice. Depending on latitudes, nights will now be considerably shorter. While there is no significant change for those living at the equator, at my latitude (around 46° N), astronomical twilight ends at 0029 CEST and begins at 0225 on 22 June, so the night lasts only 01:56 h.
In June, Venus will keep shining bright starting dusk and will appear close to Mars and the Waxing Moon on 21 June 2023. Another Planet to look forward to is Jupiter. It re-emerged end of May in the constellation of Aries and will rise at 0405 CEST on 1st of June. Saturn will rise around 2 hours earlier, so both Planets can be observed before dawn.
The imaginary “summer triangle” – and astronomical asterism with Vega, Daneb and Altair – is visible before midnight (E). It’s also the beginning of the best season to observe the Hercules Cluster (Messier 13) in the constellation of Hercules – located between the constellations of Corona Borealis and Lyra (E). Alternatively, and with a bit of luck, you may now be able to observe noctilucent clouds (latitudes between 45°N and 80°N).
Best wishes and clear skies,
Isa
Topic of the Month: The Local Group
Last month’s topic was “Galaxy Clusters” and I mentioned the Virgo Cluster, a group of over 2’500 galaxies at the heart of the Virgo Supercluster, of which the so called “Local Group” – containing our Milky Way – is a member. The Local Group is located at the edge of the Virgo Supercluster and consists of around 30 Galaxies. The diameter of the Local Group is the equivalence of four million light-years.
Except for the three biggest Galaxies – our Milky Way, Andromeda Galaxy (Messier 31) and Triangulum Galaxy (Messier 33) – all other members of the Local Group are so called “Dwarf Galaxies”. Famous Dwarf Galaxies are our companion Galaxies such as the Small as well as the Large Magellanic Cloud, NGC 205 (Dwarf elliptical galaxy, aka Messier 110 in Andromeda) and NGC 221 (a Dwarf Satellite Galaxy Messier 32). There are many other Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Group, such as the Leo I and the Leo II systems, Ursa Minor and Draco. As far as the distribution of the Galaxies is concerned, roughly two Clusters or subgroups have been observed: One with the Milky Way at the center, the other Galaxies are gravitating more around Andromeda Galaxy.
Galaxies consist of stars, planets, and vast clouds of gas and dust, all bound together by gravity. In their center, most of the big Galaxies have a Black Hole. At its core, a black hole is incredibly dense with an immense gravitational pull from which nothing, not even light, can escape. There are different types of Black Holes but we will today look at Supermassive Black Holes at the center of most big Galaxies, including our Milky Way. They are millions, sometimes billions of times more massive than our Sun. In our Milky Way, the supermassive black hole is called Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). It is at the Galactic Center, located near the border of the constellations Sagittarius and Scorpius.
We still don’t know how these Supermassive Black Holes form. In any case it is an active area of research. What all black holes have in common is an event horizon, the boundary of the black hole, beyond which nothing can escape its gravitational grip. While there is much debate about the concept of singularity, the most common assumption is that at the heart of the black hole lies singularity – a point of infinite density and gravitational force. Within the laws of physics, we currently cannot explain what happens within a singularity. If you are interested in the current scientific debate, read current scientific articles and findings but also read the works by Stephen Hawking. His approach to singularity, and as far as I was able to understand while reading his books, changed over time. On a more philosophical level, I think it is worthwhile to reflect on Galaxies such as our own, others “nearby” as well as far away.
Sources and further reading:
- «Kompendium der Astronomie. Einführung in die Wissenschaft vom Universum», Hans-Ulrich Keller, 6. Ausgabe, 2019, Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart.
- Hawking changes his mind about black holes, In: Nature, 15.07.2004 (visited on 19.5.2023).
- NASA Science, Universe Exploration, Galaxies (visited on 19.5.2023).
- ChatGPT
Moon phases June
Times for Bern, Switzerland (CET)
| Phase | Date |
| Full Moon | 04 June, 05:41 |
| Third Quarter | 10 June, 21:31 |
| New Moon | 18 June, 06:37 |
| First Quarter | 26 June, 09:49 |
Planets
Mercury will not be visible from Central Europe in June. However, it may be observable from the Mediterranean and the Tropics during the first week of June at dawn (E).
Venus keeps shining bright in the evenings. Currently visible in the constellation of Gemini, it will appear in the constellation of Cancer starting 4 June. On 26. June, it will appear in Leo, close to Regulus (alpha Leo). On 21 June, Venus will appear close to Mars and the Waxing Crescent Moon (W). It will set earlier as the month progresses.
Mars currently appears in the constellation of Cancer and will move into Leo on 21 June 2023. It is still visible in the early evening, not very noticeable, however. By the end of the month, it will be unobservable.
Jupiter re-emerged end of May in the constellation of Aries. It will rise earlier and earlier as the month progresses – at 0405 CEST on 1st of June, at 0224 CEST on 30 June 2023. Look east early morning on 14 June to see it appear close to the Waning Crescent Moon.
Saturn currently appears in the constellation of Aquarius. It rises at 0210 CEST on 1st of June and at 0017 CEST on 30 June 2023. On 10 June 2023, it will appear close to the Waning Gibbous Moon at around 0200 CEST.
Uranus will re-emerge in mid-July.
Neptune will not be observable until end of June when it will appear in the constellation of Pisces.
Phenomena not to miss in June
The imaginary “summer triangle” is now visible before midnight with Vega (in Lyra), Daneb (in Cygnus) and Altair (in Aquila) (E). Around or after midnight, the distinctive constellation of Scorpius appears in the far south. Messier 13 – the Hercules Cluster – is visible all night as dusk fades to darkness (E).
In the northern hemisphere, and of course, depending on your latitude, nights are often short in June. But weather permitting, this month will be great to observe Planet Venus, and, again depending on your latitude, you may see noctilucent clouds (latitudes between 45°N and 80°N). Alternatively, it’s an ideal month for observing the Sun – only with adequate solar viewing equipment!
| Date | Time | Phenomena |
| 03 | midnight | Antares S of the Waxing Gibbous Moon |
| 14 | early morning | Jupiter 1.5°S of Moon |
| 21 | 1458 UTC | Summer Solstice |
| 21 | evening | Venus, Mars and Moon |
Bright stars
| Name | Mag. | Rise | Transit | Elev. | Set |
| Polaris | 1.95 | — | 10h57m | +47°36’02.27″ | — |
| Mirfak | 1.75 | — | 11h22m | +86°57’27.95″ | — |
| Capella | 0.05 | — | 13h15m | +88°51’37.43″ | — |
| Menkalinan | 1.90 | — | 13h54m | +88°00’05.60″ | — |
| Dubhe | 2.00 | — | 18h58m | +75°19’24.94″ | — |
| Alioth | 1.75 | — | 20h49m | +81°06’33.28″ | — |
| Spica | 0.95 | 16h05m | 21h20m | +31°47’34.71″ | 2h35m |
| Alkaid | 1.85 | — | 21h42m | +87°42’26.80″ | — |
| Arcturus | 0.15 | 14h39m | 22h10m | +62°06’51.22″ | 5h42m |
| Antares | 1.05 | 20h29m | 0h25m | +16°37’22.87″ | 4h21m |
| Shaula | 1.60 | 22h59m | 1h29m | +6°04’14.39″ | 4h00m |
| Sargas | 1.85 | 0h46m | 1h33m | +0°30’36.70″ | 2h21m |
| Kaus Australis | 1.75 | 23h22m | 2h20m | +8°46’46.84″ | 5h18m |
| Vega | 0.00 | 16h24m | 2h32m | +81°51’32.46″ | 12h40m |
| Altair | 0.75 | 21h03m | 3h47m | +51°59’39.18″ | 10h30m |
| Deneb | 1.25 | — | 4h37m | +88°24’19.48″ | — |
Galaxies
| Name | Mag. | Rise | Transit | Elev. | Set | Ang. Size |
| NGC 6822 (Barnard’s Galaxy) | 8.10 | 22h42m | 3h41m | +28°20’26.41″ | 8h40m | +0°14’30.00″ |
| NGC 6946 (Fireworks Galaxy) | 9.60 | — | 4h30m | +76°43’04.78″ | — | +0°10’39.00″ |
| NGC 7331 (Deer Lick Group) | 9.48 | 21h16m | 6h33m | +77°35’17.40″ | 15h51m | +0°07’06.00″ |
| IC 10 (Starburst Galaxy) | 9.50 | — | 8h17m | +77°31’30.99″ | — | +0°05’00.00″ |
| NGC 147 | 9.50 | — | 8h30m | +88°16’04.71″ | — | +0°10’30.00″ |
| NGC 185 | 9.20 | — | 8h36m | +88°26’00.61″ | — | +0°10’51.00″ |
| M 110 | 8.07 | 21h25m | 8h37m | +84°50’58.79″ | 19h50m | +0°16’27.00″ |
| M 32 | 8.08 | 21h51m | 8h39m | +84°01’53.43″ | 19h28m | +0°07’30.00″ |
| M 31 (Andromeda Galaxy) | 3.44 | 21h40m | 8h39m | +84°26’02.39″ | 19h39m | +2°05’24.00″ |
| M 33 (Triangulum Galaxy) | 5.72 | 0h46m | 9h31m | +73°49’41.72″ | 18h16m | +0°55’09.00″ |
| IC 342 (Maffei 1 Group) | 9.10 | — | 11h45m | +68°46’54.78″ | — | +0°21’09.00″ |
| NGC 2403 | 8.90 | — | 15h32m | +71°24’10.28″ | — | +0°17’06.00″ |
| M 81 (Bode’s Galaxy) | 6.94 | — | 17h50m | +67°59’56.37″ | — | +0°20’30.00″ |
| M 82 (Cigar Galaxy) | 8.41 | — | 17h51m | +67°23’05.76″ | — | +0°07’45.00″ |
| NGC 3344 (Sliced Onion Galaxy) | 9.86 | 10h34m | 18h38m | +67°51’23.34″ | 2h42m | +0°04’31.05″ |
| M 95 | 9.73 | 11h43m | 18h38m | +54°38’36.95″ | 1h34m | +0°03’00.00″ |
| M 96 | 9.25 | 11h45m | 18h41m | +54°45’33.52″ | 1h37m | +0°06’24.00″ |
| M 105 | 9.76 | 11h43m | 18h42m | +55°31’13.58″ | 1h42m | +0°05’06.00″ |
| M 66 (Leo Triplet) | 8.92 | 12h13m | 19h15m | +55°55’29.42″ | 2h16m | +0°06’39.00″ |
| NGC 4244 (Silver Needle Galaxy) | 10.00 | 10h20m | 20h12m | +80°43’24.75″ | 6h04m | +0°09’15.00″ |
| M 99 (Virgo Cluster Pinwheel) | 9.87 | 13h05m | 20h13m | +57°20’47.62″ | 3h21m | +0°05’03.00″ |
| M 106 | 8.41 | — | 20h14m | +89°33’38.27″ | — | +0°12’54.00″ |
| M 61 (Swelling Spiral Galaxy) | 9.65 | 13h53m | 20h17m | +47°24’32.31″ | 2h40m | +0°06’09.00″ |
| M 100 (Blowdryer Galaxy) | 9.35 | 13h03m | 20h18m | +58°45’06.81″ | 3h32m | +0°06’51.00″ |
| M 85 | 10.00 | 12h53m | 20h20m | +61°07’10.36″ | 3h47m | +0°06’18.00″ |
| M 86 (Faust V051) | 8.90 | 13h20m | 20h21m | +55°52’37.20″ | 3h22m | +0°07’21.00″ |
| NGC 4449 (The Box Galaxy) | 9.40 | — | 20h23m | +86°59’28.69″ | — | +0°05’18.00″ |
| M 49 | 8.30 | 13h46m | 20h24m | +50°56’02.97″ | 3h03m | +0°09’15.00″ |
| M 87 (Virgo Galaxy) | 8.63 | 13h27m | 20h25m | +55°19’21.53″ | 3h24m | +0°07’00.00″ |
| M 89 | 9.75 | 13h31m | 20h30m | +55°29’15.94″ | 3h30m | +0°04’54.00″ |
| M 90 | 9.54 | 13h29m | 20h31m | +56°05’39.72″ | 3h34m | +0°06’57.00″ |
| M 58 | 9.66 | 13h37m | 20h32m | +54°45’01.15″ | 3h28m | +0°05’18.00″ |
| M 104 (Sombrero Galaxy) | 8.00 | 15h22m | 20h35m | +31°19’33.38″ | 1h48m | +0°06’06.00″ |
| NGC 4631 (Whale Galaxy) | 9.19 | 11h39m | 20h37m | +75°27’47.59″ | 5h35m | +0°06’00.87″ |
| M 60 | 9.80 | 13h44m | 20h38m | +54°29’07.57″ | 3h33m | +0°06’42.00″ |
| M 94 (Croc’s Eye Galaxy) | 8.24 | 9h57m | 20h45m | +84°01’53.87″ | 7h34m | +0°10’09.00″ |
| NGC 4753 (Dust Devil Galaxy) | 9.95 | 14h48m | 20h47m | +41°44’29.25″ | 2h46m | +0°03’24.30″ |
| M 64 (Black Eye Galaxy) | 8.52 | 13h06m | 20h51m | +64°36’42.29″ | 4h37m | +0°07’55.14″ |
| M 63 (Sunflower Galaxy) | 8.59 | 9h54m | 21h10m | +84°56’22.39″ | 8h26m | +0°09’54.00″ |
| NGC 5068 | 9.90 | 16h47m | 21h14m | +21°55’43.75″ | 1h40m | +0°05’23.91″ |
| M 51 (Whirlpool Galaxy) | 8.10 | — | 21h24m | +89°32’20.95″ | — | +0°09’03.00″ |
| M 101 (Pinwheel Galaxy) | 7.86 | — | 21h58m | +82°42’01.47″ | — | +0°27’51.00″ |
| M 102 (Spindle Galaxy) | 9.89 | — | 23h01m | +81°15’50.81″ | — | +0°04’48.00″ |
Messier objects
| Name | Mag. | Rise | Transit | Elev. | Set | Ang. Size |
| M 80 | 7.87 | 19h56m | 0h12m | +20°03’47.03″ | 4h29m | +0°05’00.00″ |
| M 4 (Crab Globular Cluster) | 5.90 | 20h24m | 0h19m | +16°31’36.29″ | 4h15m | +0°13’00.00″ |
| M 107 (The Crucifix Cluster) | 8.85 | 19h21m | 0h28m | +29°58’37.49″ | 5h35m | +0°06’30.00″ |
| M 13 (Great Star Cluster in Hercules) | 5.80 | 15h00m | 0h37m | +79°28’16.04″ | 10h14m | +0°13’57.30″ |
| M 12 (Gumball Globular Cluster) | 7.68 | 18h47m | 0h43m | +41°04’49.56″ | 6h38m | +0°08’00.00″ |
| M 10 | 6.40 | 19h06m | 0h53m | +38°56’07.83″ | 6h39m | +0°10’00.00″ |
| M 62 (Flickering Globular Cluster) | 7.39 | 21h25m | 0h57m | +12°58’30.28″ | 4h29m | +0°07’30.00″ |
| M 19 | 7.47 | 21h01m | 0h58m | +16°48’15.85″ | 4h55m | +0°08’30.00″ |
| M 92 | 6.40 | — | 1h12m | +86°09’47.03″ | — | +0°07’00.00″ |
| M 9 | 8.42 | 20h34m | 1h15m | +24°32’50.33″ | 5h55m | +0°06’00.00″ |
| M 14 | 8.32 | 19h43m | 1h33m | +39°48’42.06″ | 7h23m | +0°05’30.00″ |
| M 6 (Butterfly Cluster) | 4.20 | 22h20m | 1h36m | +10°52’08.80″ | 4h52m | +0°12’30.00″ |
| M 7 (Ptolemy’s Cluster) | 3.30 | 22h56m | 1h50m | +8°21’33.82″ | 4h44m | +0°40’00.00″ |
| M 23 | 5.50 | 21h15m | 1h53m | +24°06’02.05″ | 6h31m | +0°12’30.00″ |
| M 20 (Trifid Nebula) | 6.30 | 21h42m | 1h58m | +20°07’28.91″ | 6h15m | +0°20’00.00″ |
| M 8 (Lagoon Nebula) | 6.00 | 21h51m | 1h59m | +18°43’21.86″ | 6h08m | +1°05’00.00″ |
| M 21 (Webb’s Cross) | 5.90 | 21h41m | 2h00m | +20°36’23.18″ | 6h19m | +0°08’00.00″ |
| M 24 (Small Sagittarius Star Cloud) | 4.60 | 21h32m | 2h13m | +24°32’45.47″ | 6h53m | +1°15’00.00″ |
| M 16 (Eagle Nebula) | 6.00 | 21h11m | 2h15m | +29°17’00.44″ | 7h18m | +1°12’30.00″ |
| M 18 (Black Swan Cluster) | 6.90 | 21h28m | 2h16m | +25°59’36.57″ | 7h03m | +0°03’30.00″ |
| M 17 (Omega Nebula) | 6.00 | 21h24m | 2h17m | +26°55’21.42″ | 7h09m | +0°35’00.00″ |
| M 28 | 7.66 | 22h14m | 2h20m | +18°14’38.51″ | 6h26m | +0°05’36.00″ |
| M 69 | 8.31 | 23h12m | 2h27m | +10°48’11.79″ | 5h43m | +0°04’03.00″ |
| M 25 | 4.60 | 21h50m | 2h28m | +23°59’17.92″ | 7h05m | +0°13’00.00″ |
| M 22 (Great Sagittarius Cluster) | 5.10 | 22h21m | 2h32m | +19°12’47.30″ | 6h44m | +0°16’00.00″ |
| M 70 | 9.06 | 23h23m | 2h39m | +10°51’55.41″ | 5h55m | +0°04’00.00″ |
| M 26 | 8.00 | 21h17m | 2h41m | +33°43’03.31″ | 8h05m | +0°05’00.00″ |
| M 11 (Wild Duck Cluster) | 6.30 | 21h09m | 2h47m | +36°49’51.89″ | 8h24m | +0°07’00.00″ |
| M 57 (Ring Nebula) | 8.80 | 17h45m | 2h49m | +76°06’47.81″ | 11h53m | +0°03’06.00″ |
| M 54 | 7.70 | 23h22m | 2h51m | +12°40’22.22″ | 6h21m | +0°06’00.00″ |
| M 56 | 8.40 | 18h31m | 3h12m | +73°16’51.26″ | 11h53m | +0°04’24.00″ |
| M 55 (Specter Cluster) | 7.42 | 0h10m | 3h36m | +12°12’52.11″ | 7h02m | +0°09’30.00″ |
| M 71 (Angelfish Cluster) | 6.10 | 20h19m | 3h49m | +61°53’59.26″ | 11h20m | +0°03’36.00″ |
| M 27 (Dumbbell Nebula) | 7.40 | 20h03m | 3h55m | +65°50’34.86″ | 11h47m | +0°06’48.00″ |
| M 75 | 9.18 | 23h39m | 4h02m | +21°14’17.27″ | 8h25m | +0°04’22.26″ |
| M 29 (Cooling Tower Cluster) | 6.60 | 18h15m | 4h20m | +81°39’01.24″ | 14h24m | +0°05’00.00″ |
| M 72 | 9.20 | 23h40m | 4h50m | +30°37’47.67″ | 9h59m | +0°03’18.00″ |
| M 73 | 8.90 | 23h46m | 4h55m | +30°32’22.44″ | 10h04m | +0°01’24.00″ |
| M 15 (Pegasus Cluster) | 6.30 | 22h28m | 5h26m | +55°19’52.14″ | 12h24m | +0°09’00.00″ |
| M 39 | 4.60 | — | 5h28m | +88°23’53.72″ | — | +0°15’30.00″ |
| M 2 | 6.30 | 23h28m | 5h30m | +42°20’56.59″ | 11h31m | +0°08’00.00″ |
| M 30 (Jellyfish Cluster) | 7.70 | 1h20m | 5h37m | +20°01’18.57″ | 9h53m | +0°06’00.00″ |
| M 52 (Cassiopeia Salt-and-Pepper Cluster) | 6.90 | — | 7h21m | +75°13’44.99″ | — | +0°08’00.00″ |
| M 110 | 8.07 | 21h25m | 8h37m | +84°50’58.84″ | 19h50m | +0°16’27.00″ |
| M 32 | 8.08 | 21h51m | 8h39m | +84°01’53.52″ | 19h28m | +0°07’30.00″ |
| M 31 (Andromeda Galaxy) | 3.44 | 21h40m | 8h39m | +84°26’02.42″ | 19h39m | +2°05’24.00″ |
| M 103 | 7.40 | — | 9h31m | +76°10’38.50″ | — | +0°03’00.00″ |
| M 33 (Triangulum Galaxy) | 5.72 | 0h46m | 9h31m | +73°49’41.77″ | 18h16m | +0°55’09.00″ |
| M 34 (Spiral Cluster) | 5.20 | — | 10h39m | +85°52’48.79″ | — | +0°12’30.00″ |
| M 81 (Bode’s Galaxy) | 6.94 | — | 17h50m | +67°59’56.40″ | — | +0°20’30.00″ |
| M 82 (Cigar Galaxy) | 8.41 | — | 17h51m | +67°23’05.76″ | — | +0°07’45.00″ |
| M 95 | 9.73 | 11h43m | 18h38m | +54°38’36.95″ | 1h34m | +0°03’00.00″ |
| M 96 | 9.25 | 11h45m | 18h41m | +54°45’33.52″ | 1h37m | +0°06’24.00″ |
| M 105 | 9.76 | 11h43m | 18h42m | +55°31’13.57″ | 1h42m | +0°05’06.00″ |
| M 97 (Owl Nebula) | 9.90 | — | 19h09m | +82°03’09.76″ | — | +0°03’21.00″ |
| M 66 (Leo Triplet) | 8.92 | 12h13m | 19h15m | +55°55’29.41″ | 2h16m | +0°06’39.00″ |
| M 99 (Virgo Cluster Pinwheel) | 9.87 | 13h05m | 20h13m | +57°20’47.62″ | 3h21m | +0°05’03.00″ |
| M 106 | 8.41 | — | 20h14m | +89°33’38.24″ | — | +0°12’54.00″ |
| M 40 (Winnecke 4) | 9.65 | — | 20h17m | +78°59’32.62″ | — | — |
| M 61 (Swelling Spiral Galaxy) | 9.65 | 13h53m | 20h17m | +47°24’32.29″ | 2h40m | +0°06’09.00″ |
| M 100 (Blowdryer Galaxy) | 9.35 | 13h03m | 20h18m | +58°45’06.78″ | 3h32m | +0°06’51.00″ |
| M 85 | 10.00 | 12h53m | 20h20m | +61°07’10.36″ | 3h47m | +0°06’18.00″ |
| M 86 (Faust V051) | 8.90 | 13h20m | 20h21m | +55°52’37.18″ | 3h22m | +0°07’21.00″ |
| M 49 | 8.30 | 13h46m | 20h24m | +50°56’02.96″ | 3h03m | +0°09’15.00″ |
| M 87 (Virgo Galaxy) | 8.63 | 13h27m | 20h25m | +55°19’21.53″ | 3h24m | +0°07’00.00″ |
| M 89 | 9.75 | 13h31m | 20h30m | +55°29’15.93″ | 3h30m | +0°04’54.00″ |
| M 90 | 9.54 | 13h29m | 20h31m | +56°05’39.71″ | 3h34m | +0°06’57.00″ |
| M 58 | 9.66 | 13h37m | 20h32m | +54°45’01.15″ | 3h28m | +0°05’18.00″ |
| M 104 (Sombrero Galaxy) | 8.00 | 15h22m | 20h35m | +31°19’33.38″ | 1h48m | +0°06’06.00″ |
| M 60 | 9.80 | 13h44m | 20h38m | +54°29’07.55″ | 3h33m | +0°06’42.00″ |
| M 94 (Croc’s Eye Galaxy) | 8.24 | 9h57m | 20h45m | +84°01’53.85″ | 7h34m | +0°10’09.00″ |
| M 64 (Black Eye Galaxy) | 8.52 | 13h06m | 20h51m | +64°36’42.26″ | 4h37m | +0°07’55.14″ |
| M 53 | 7.70 | 13h41m | 21h08m | +61°06’03.98″ | 4h34m | +0°06’30.00″ |
| M 63 (Sunflower Galaxy) | 8.59 | 9h54m | 21h10m | +84°56’22.36″ | 8h26m | +0°09’54.00″ |
| M 51 (Whirlpool Galaxy) | 8.10 | — | 21h24m | +89°32’20.98″ | — | +0°09’03.00″ |
| M 3 | 6.20 | 13h10m | 21h37m | +71°18’35.74″ | 6h03m | +0°09’00.00″ |
| M 101 (Pinwheel Galaxy) | 7.86 | — | 21h58m | +82°42’01.47″ | — | +0°27’51.00″ |
| M 102 (Spindle Galaxy) | 9.89 | — | 23h01m | +81°15’50.81″ | — | +0°04’48.00″ |
| M 5 (Rose Cluster) | 6.65 | 17h01m | 23h14m | +45°03’32.49″ | 5h27m | +0°11’30.00″ |
Globular star clusters
| Name | Mag. | Rise | Transit | Elev. | Set | Ang. Size |
| M 80 | 7.87 | 19h56m | 0h12m | +20°03’47.03″ | 4h29m | +0°05’00.00″ |
| M 4 (Crab Globular Cluster) | 5.90 | 20h24m | 0h19m | +16°31’36.29″ | 4h15m | +0°13’00.00″ |
| M 107 (The Crucifix Cluster) | 8.85 | 19h21m | 0h28m | +29°58’37.49″ | 5h35m | +0°06’30.00″ |
| M 13 (Great Star Cluster in Hercules) | 5.80 | 15h00m | 0h37m | +79°28’16.04″ | 10h14m | +0°13’57.30″ |
| M 12 (Gumball Globular Cluster) | 7.68 | 18h47m | 0h43m | +41°04’49.54″ | 6h38m | +0°08’00.00″ |
| NGC 6235 | 7.20 | 20h28m | 0h49m | +20°52’44.23″ | 5h10m | +0°00’45.00″ |
| M 10 | 6.40 | 19h06m | 0h53m | +38°56’07.83″ | 6h39m | +0°10’00.00″ |
| M 62 (Flickering Globular Cluster) | 7.39 | 21h25m | 0h57m | +12°58’30.28″ | 4h29m | +0°07’30.00″ |
| M 19 | 7.47 | 21h01m | 0h58m | +16°48’15.85″ | 4h55m | +0°08’30.00″ |
| NGC 6284 | 7.43 | 20h54m | 1h00m | +18°18’16.48″ | 5h06m | +0°01’25.86″ |
| M 92 | 6.40 | — | 1h12m | +86°09’47.03″ | — | +0°07’00.00″ |
| M 9 | 8.42 | 20h34m | 1h15m | +24°32’50.33″ | 5h55m | +0°06’00.00″ |
| NGC 6356 | 7.42 | 20h35m | 1h19m | +25°15’06.65″ | 6h03m | +0°00’45.00″ |
| M 14 | 8.32 | 19h43m | 1h33m | +39°48’42.06″ | 7h23m | +0°05’30.00″ |
| NGC 6441 (Silver Nugget Cluster) | 8.00 | 23h15m | 1h46m | +6°07’53.20″ | 4h18m | +0°00’45.00″ |
| NGC 6539 | 8.90 | 20h29m | 2h00m | +35°29’25.63″ | 7h32m | — |
| NGC 6553 | 8.30 | 22h05m | 2h05m | +17°12’02.18″ | 6h05m | +0°00’45.00″ |
| M 28 | 7.66 | 22h14m | 2h20m | +18°14’38.51″ | 6h26m | +0°05’36.00″ |
| M 69 | 8.31 | 23h12m | 2h27m | +10°48’11.79″ | 5h43m | +0°04’03.00″ |
| M 22 (Great Sagittarius Cluster) | 5.10 | 22h21m | 2h32m | +19°12’47.30″ | 6h44m | +0°16’00.00″ |
| NGC 6712 | 8.69 | 21h22m | 2h49m | +34°23’53.81″ | 8h15m | +0°01’15.00″ |
| M 54 | 7.70 | 23h22m | 2h51m | +12°40’22.22″ | 6h21m | +0°06’00.00″ |
| NGC 6723 (Chandelier Cluster) | 7.92 | 0h19m | 2h56m | +6°34’53.17″ | 5h32m | +0°04’00.00″ |
| M 56 | 8.40 | 18h31m | 3h12m | +73°16’51.26″ | 11h53m | +0°04’24.00″ |
| M 55 (Specter Cluster) | 7.42 | 0h10m | 3h36m | +12°12’52.11″ | 7h02m | +0°09’30.00″ |
| M 71 (Angelfish Cluster) | 6.10 | 20h19m | 3h49m | +61°53’59.26″ | 11h20m | +0°03’36.00″ |
| NGC 6934 | 8.83 | 21h53m | 4h30m | +50°32’56.32″ | 11h07m | +0°04’12.00″ |
| M 15 (Pegasus Cluster) | 6.30 | 22h28m | 5h26m | +55°19’52.14″ | 12h24m | +0°09’00.00″ |
| M 2 | 6.30 | 23h28m | 5h30m | +42°20’56.60″ | 11h31m | +0°08’00.00″ |
| M 30 (Jellyfish Cluster) | 7.70 | 1h20m | 5h37m | +20°01’18.57″ | 9h53m | +0°06’00.00″ |
| M 53 | 7.70 | 13h41m | 21h08m | +61°06’03.98″ | 4h34m | +0°06’30.00″ |
| M 3 | 6.20 | 13h10m | 21h37m | +71°18’35.74″ | 6h03m | +0°09’00.00″ |
| NGC 5897 (Ghost Globular Cluster) | 8.52 | 18h46m | 23h13m | +21°59’35.41″ | 3h40m | +0°03’00.00″ |
| M 5 (Rose Cluster) | 6.65 | 17h01m | 23h14m | +45°03’32.48″ | 5h27m | +0°11’30.00″ |
| NGC 5986 | 6.92 | 21h19m | 23h42m | +5°20’38.07″ | 2h04m | +0°02’30.00″ |
Open star clusters
| Name | Mag. | Rise | Transit | Elev. | Set | Ang. Size |
| NGC 6124 | 5.80 | 22h38m | 0h21m | +2°36’09.65″ | 2h04m | +0°14’30.00″ |
| Cr 302 (Antares Cluster) | 1.00 | 20h24m | 0h22m | +16°50’09.77″ | 4h19m | +4°12’30.00″ |
| NGC 6231 (False Comet Nebula) | 2.60 | 23h30m | 0h50m | +1°31’36.73″ | 2h10m | +0°07’30.00″ |
| NGC 6281 (Moth Wing Cluster) | 5.40 | 22h40m | 1h00m | +5°11’33.16″ | 3h21m | +0°04’30.00″ |
| NGC 6322 | 6.00 | 0h25m | 1h14m | +0°33’24.75″ | 2h04m | +0°05’00.00″ |
| NGC 6374 | 5.50 | 22h15m | 1h28m | +10°31’23.26″ | 4h41m | +0°01’15.00″ |
| NGC 6383 | 5.50 | 22h17m | 1h31m | +10°33’15.56″ | 4h44m | +0°01’15.00″ |
| M 6 (Butterfly Cluster) | 4.20 | 22h20m | 1h36m | +10°52’08.80″ | 4h52m | +0°12’30.00″ |
| NGC 6416 | 5.70 | 22h25m | 1h40m | +10°45’47.23″ | 4h55m | +0°15’00.00″ |
| IC 4665 (Summer Beehive Cluster) | 4.20 | 19h13m | 1h42m | +48°46’26.79″ | 8h11m | +0°35’00.00″ |
| M 7 (Ptolemy’s Cluster) | 3.30 | 22h56m | 1h50m | +8°21’33.82″ | 4h44m | +0°40’00.00″ |
| M 23 | 5.50 | 21h15m | 1h53m | +24°06’02.05″ | 6h31m | +0°12’30.00″ |
| Cr 359 (Taurus Poniatovii Cluster) | 3.00 | 19h40m | 1h57m | +45°58’01.10″ | 8h13m | +6°00’00.00″ |
| NGC 6530 (Herschel 36) | 4.60 | 21h51m | 2h00m | +18°44’35.50″ | 6h09m | +0°07’00.00″ |
| M 21 (Webb’s Cross) | 5.90 | 21h41m | 2h00m | +20°36’23.18″ | 6h19m | +0°08’00.00″ |
| NGC 6605 | 6.00 | 21h15m | 2h13m | +28°04’47.41″ | 7h10m | — |
| M 24 (Small Sagittarius Star Cloud) | 4.60 | 21h32m | 2h13m | +24°32’45.47″ | 6h53m | +1°15’00.00″ |
| M 16 (Eagle Nebula) | 6.00 | 21h11m | 2h15m | +29°17’00.44″ | 7h18m | +1°12’30.00″ |
| M 17 (Omega Nebula) | 6.00 | 21h24m | 2h17m | +26°55’21.42″ | 7h09m | +0°35’00.00″ |
| NGC 6633 (Tweedledum Cluster) | 4.60 | 19h50m | 2h23m | +49°38’59.61″ | 8h56m | +0°10’00.00″ |
| M 25 | 4.60 | 21h50m | 2h28m | +23°59’17.92″ | 7h05m | +0°13’00.00″ |
| IC 4756 (Graff’s Cluster) | 4.60 | 20h06m | 2h34m | +48°34’35.70″ | 9h02m | +0°22’30.00″ |
| Cr 399 (Coathanger) | 3.60 | 19h43m | 3h21m | +63°17’20.17″ | 10h59m | +0°30’00.00″ |
| St 1 | 5.30 | 19h24m | 3h31m | +68°19’45.01″ | 11h38m | — |
| NGC 6871 | 5.20 | 18h31m | 4h02m | +78°53’50.28″ | 13h32m | +0°15’00.00″ |
| LDN 962 | 2.00 | — | 4h58m | +88°37’40.00″ | — | +0°13’48.98″ |
| M 39 | 4.60 | — | 5h28m | +88°23’53.72″ | — | +0°15’30.00″ |
| LDN 1085 | 4.00 | — | 5h29m | +80°06’10.98″ | — | +0°01’41.58″ |
| IC 1396 (Elephant’s Trunk Nebula) | 3.50 | — | 5h35m | +79°21’16.28″ | — | +0°08’00.00″ |
| NGC 7686 | 5.60 | — | 7h26m | +87°37’41.65″ | — | +0°07’00.00″ |
| NGC 752 | 5.70 | 24h00m | 9h55m | +80°56’20.44″ | 19h50m | +0°37’30.00″ |
| NGC 869 (Double Cluster) | 3.80 | — | 10h16m | +79°42’23.23″ | — | +0°15’00.00″ |
| NGC 884 (Double Cluster) | 3.80 | — | 10h20m | +79°42’37.45″ | — | +0°15’00.00″ |
| Cr 29 | 5.90 | — | 10h35m | +80°51’16.75″ | — | +0°10’00.00″ |
| M 34 (Spiral Cluster) | 5.20 | — | 10h39m | +85°52’48.79″ | — | +0°12’30.00″ |
| Cr 39 (α Per Cluster) | 1.20 | — | 11h24m | +87°59’31.08″ | — | +5°00’00.00″ |
| Cr 464 | 4.20 | — | 13h21m | +63°55’47.92″ | — | +1°00’00.00″ |
| NGC 2281 (Broken Heart Cluster) | 5.40 | 3h52m | 14h42m | +84°06’20.13″ | 1h32m | +0°07’30.00″ |
| Cr 256 (Coma Berenices Cluster) | 1.80 | 12h07m | 20h17m | +68°46’10.83″ | 4h27m | +4°35’00.00″ |
Sources:
- In the Sky.org
- Kosmos Himmels-Jahr 2023, Hans-Ulrich Keller, Franck-Kosmos Verlags GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart, 2022.
- Space.com
- “Sky Event Almanacs Courtesy of Fred Espenak”
- Stellarium.org
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